lesson of armed self-defence has not been forgotten by the Spanish working class.
Portugal was partly insulated from these difficulties by her colonial empire, towards which the growing Portuguese monopolies had directed their energies with good prospects of turning a fast escudo. So it was Spain which was the first to break: in the late 1950s the Spanish economy had to be bailed out of an acute economic crisis by the agencies of international capitalism — the World Bank and the Interna tional Monetary Fund. But she had to pay a price: the abandoning of her isolationist economic policy, and the opening of her doors to foreign investment and freer foreign trade (a policy opposed by the die-hards of the fascist regime, but supported by the main groups of Spanish capitalists).
With Spain embarking on this new road Portugal could not remain an isolated exception for ever, and by the early 1960s her capitalist class had compelled Salazar to tread the same path. Portugal took part in the formation of the European Free Trade Association in 1960, and other Spanish-style economic policies were adopted by the Portuguese regime shortly afterwards.
Both Spain and Portugal underwent a similar econ omic growth in the ensuing decade, with the big monopolies and finance capitalists of the two countries eagerly entering into partnership with European and North American capital to launch select industrialisation projects. At the same time the two countries became drawn more powerfully towards the centre of European capitalism - the emerging Conmon Market. the latter - were moving The inclusion of such out of the question. be quite willing to embra insurgent working class th was totally unacceptable otlier European workers. Above and right. Beotegui (Txiki') - Franco's next victims if Gramendia and Otaegui are executed. memory of the Spanish e immigrant workers alread threaten to infect the wo tinent with their spirit of and shake the foundation order.
Thus both the Spanish